The Hollow Men Essay -- essays research papers

The Theme of Emptiness in â€Å"The Hollow Men†      â€Å"The Hollow Men,† a sonnet composed by T.S. Eliot shows the storytellers nauseate and his shifty disposition toward all humanity. He alludes to mankind as being â€Å"hollow,† (1) and having a â€Å"headpiece loaded up with straw,† (4) which makes the inclination and topic of void. Eliot likewise utilizes implications, images, and reiteration as incredible, and discouraging graceful gadgets to cause humankind to appear to be empty.      The topic of vacancy is unmistakably obvious all through the sonnet, and it starts in the title. â€Å"The Hollow Men† alludes to humankind being vacant, and that there is no importance to their life, and no reason for the empty men to go on. IN the principal segment of the sonnet, the subsequent refrain states â€Å"Shape without structure, conceal without shading, Paralyzed power, motion without motion.† (11-12) Here Eliot assembles solid thoughts so that they appear to counteract one another, leaving an unfilled inclination . In segment three, Eliot utilized â€Å"dead,† (39) and â€Å"cactus† (40) to portray the setting, and â€Å"In passings other realm/Walking alone,† (46-47) leaves the peruser in a vacant perspective with no environmental factors. At the point when somebody yells into a vacant, or wide region, it will consistently resound and rehash itself until it unobtrusively ceases to exist. This case of vacancy is communic ated in the absolute last verse of the sonnet, â€Å"This is the manner in which the world finishes This is the manner in which the world closures This is the way the world closures Not with a b... The Hollow Men Essay - articles research papers The Theme of Emptiness in â€Å"The Hollow Men†      â€Å"The Hollow Men,† a sonnet composed by T.S. Eliot shows the storytellers disturb and his shifty demeanor toward all humankind. He alludes to humankind as being â€Å"hollow,† (1) and having a â€Å"headpiece loaded up with straw,† (4) which makes the inclination and subject of void. Eliot additionally utilizes implications, images, and reiteration as amazing, and discouraging idyllic gadgets to cause humanity to appear to be empty.      The topic of void is obviously noticeable all through the sonnet, and it starts in the title. â€Å"The Hollow Men† alludes to humankind being unfilled, and that there is no importance to their life, and no reason for the empty men to go on. IN the main area of the sonnet, the subsequent verse states â€Å"Shape without structure, conceal without shading, Paralyzed power, signal without motion.† (11-12) Here Eliot assembles solid thoughts so that they appear to counteract one another, leaving an unfilled inclination . In area three, Eliot utilized â€Å"dead,† (39) and â€Å"cactus† (40) to depict the setting, and â€Å"In passings other realm/Walking alone,† (46-47) leaves the peruser in a vacant perspective with no environmental factors. At the point when somebody yells into an unfilled, or wide territory, it will consistently resound and rehash itself until it discreetly ceases to exist. This case of vacancy is communicated in the absolute last verse of the sonnet, â€Å"This is the manner in which the world finishes This is the manner in which the world closures This is the way the world finishes Not with a b...

Chick Enhancer

Poultry-raising is one of the organizations that can be found here in the Philippines. It’s straightforward and supportive, as chickens give nourishments like chicken meat and eggs. It could likewise help in the farming zone. A few people utilize supplemental feeds with the goal that the chickens may develop quick. In any case, presently, we’re going to have an examination to locate a characteristic and better substitute, similar to Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) and Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) as added substances in making supplemental feeds. Aloe vera is a delicious plant animal varieties that likely started in northern Africa. The species doesn't have any normally happening populaces, albeit firmly related aloes do happen in northern Africa. The species is much of the time refered to as being utilized in natural medication since the start of the primary century AD. Concentrates from A. vera are generally utilized in the beauty care products and elective medication businesses, being advertised as differently having reviving, recuperating, or alleviating properties. There is, in any case, minimal logical proof of the viability or wellbeing of Aloe vera removes for either corrective or therapeutic purposes, and what positive proof is accessible is much of the time repudiated by different investigations. Aloe vera is one of the main realized regular veggie lover wellsprings of Vitamin B12, and it contains numerous minerals crucial to the development procedure and sound capacity of all the body's frameworks. Moringa oleifera is the most broadly developed types of the class Moringa, which is the main sort in the family Moringaceae. In creating nations, moringa can possibly improve sustenance, help food security, encourage rustic turn of events, and bolster supportable landcare. It might be utilized as rummage for domesticated animals, a micronutrient fluid, a characteristic anthelmintic and conceivable adjuvant. Supplemental Feeds, one of the least expensive and most valuable approaches to improve the development of chickens. Articulation of the Problem: This examination plans to decide the impacts of Aloe Vera and Malunggay as added substance parts in making supplemental feeds. The scientists might want to look for the response to the issue â€Å"Can Aloe Vera and Malunggay remove be an option for development and weight enhancer on chicks? † If thus, what is/are the symptoms of Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) and Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) remove in: * Growth Skin Color * Other qualities Hypothesis: Ho: Aloe Vera and Malunggay separates are not helpful as added substances in making supplemental feeds. Ha: Aloe Vera and Malunggay separates are powerful for utilizing it as added substance parts in making supplemental feeds. Noteworthiness of the Study: There is an expansion of interest of chicken today. The greater part of the eateries in our nation are utilizing chicken for their stren gth. As we as a whole realize chicken is one of the most widely recognized nourishments that we eat, and that is our explanation of seeking after this venture. We might want to help the poultry-raisers to bring chickens up in a little timeframe. On the off chance that we prevailing with this undertaking we can likewise assist our economy with growing and make it increasingly powerful. This undertaking is likewise against on non-natural raisers since we don't know about the symptoms of that synthetic once we consumption the chicken. We need to demonstrate that even we are an understudy we can help in our own little manner. The way that Aloe Vera and Malunggay are exceptionally accessible and less expensive, this will help individuals, particularly in business ventures. They can even do it all alone.

Peek Over Our Shoulders And See What Book Rioters Are Reading Today!

Peek Over Our Shoulders And See What Book Rioters Are Reading Today! In this feature at Book Riot, we give you a glimpse of what we are reading this very moment. Here is what the Rioters are reading today (as in literally today). This is what’s on their bedside table (or the floor, work bag, desk, whatevskis). See a Rioter who is reading your favorite book? I’ve included the link that will take you to their author archives (meaning, that magical place that organizes what they’ve written for the site). Gird your loins â€" this list combined with all of those archived posts will make your TBR list EXPLODE. We’ve shown you ours, now show us yours; let us know what you’re reading (right this very moment) in the comment section below! Kate Scott   Finding God in the Waves by Mike McHargue: A spiritual memoir by “Science Mike,” host of the Ask Science Mike podcast and co-host of the popular Liturgists podcast, which I recently started listening to and absolutely love. (Hardcover) The Light of Paris by Eleanor Brown: A story about two split between the 1920s and 1990s reminiscent of The Dollhouse. I downloaded this on the Volumes app, but so far it’s pretty cliche. (Audiobook) Unmentionable by Therese Oneill: A humorous feminist look at female sexuality in the Victorian era. I learned about this one when I read an interview the author did with Salon.com. (Hardcover) Victoria by Daisy Goodwin: A fictional account of the young Queen Victoria’s life by the creator and writer of the Masterpiece miniseries of the same name coming in 2017. I’m part of the advertising campaign for the book’s launch. (ARC) Rebecca Hussey   Rain Dogs by Adrian McKinty: A mystery novel set in the 1980s in Northern Ireland. It’s the latest pick for my mystery book group. (Paperback) We Gon’ Be Alright: Notes on Race and Resegregation by Jeff Chang: An essay collection on race in America. One essay in, it’s great. (egalley) Liberty Hardy   Waking Gods: Book 2 of The Themis Files by Sylvain Neuvel (Del Rey, April 4, 2017): Sequel to SLEEPING GIANTS??!? Oh, you betcha. Spoiler: It’s just as much fun as the first one. (e-galley) Jellicoe Road by Melina Marchetta: I just read her new book, Tell the Truth, Shame the Devil, and OMFG, it was good. So I immediately bought four more of her books. Litsy tells me this is the best one. (paperback) Anything is Possible by Elizabeth Strout (Random House, April 25, 2017): Stories about characters mentioned in My Name is Lucy Barton (one of my favorites of 2016.) (e-galley) Death Going Down by María Angélica Bosco (Author), Lucy Greaves (Translator) (Pushkin Vertigo, February 7, 2017): A crime novel by a woman called the “Argentinian Agatha Christie”? In what world would I NOT read this??? (e-galley) Zainab Williams   This Savage Song by Victoria Schwab: Ive been wanting to read another Schwab since A Darker Shade of Magic and something about the cover of this book made me reach for it in the library. (Hardcover) The Fifth Season by N.K. Jemisin: Another book Ive had on my list for ages. Im enjoying the audiobook so far. Enviable worldbuilding! (Audiobook) The Bedwetter by Sarah Silverman: Ive grown accustomed to keeping a memoir written and narrated by a comedian on hand at all times in case I need a laugh (I always need a laugh). I like Silvermans bluntness so I chose her. (Audiobook) Priya Sridhar   The Mermaid Chair by Sue Monk Kidd:  Honest to God this audiobook is both fascinating and boring. I’m siding less and less with the protagonist Jessie for her decisions and her husband deserves better. (Audiobook) Long Hidden:  I paid the kickstarter for this so I’m looking forward to this. Representation matters! (Ebook) Sarah Nicolas   The Last Star by Rick Yancey I started reading this series when I found out Yancey would be our keynote speaker at the Orlando Book Festival in 2015 and have enjoyed it. (Library audiobook) Shiny Broken Pieces by Dhonielle Clayton and Sona Charaipotra I had to take a break between this book and the first because its so hard to read these girls being so hard on each other and themselves, but the writing is so compelling I have to figure out how their stories end. (Audiobook) Rocks Fall Everyone Dies by Lindsay Ribar Just got this one and cant wait to start it. I met Lindsay at Ascendio a couple years ago and thought she was great, so I know her book will be too! I mean, its pitched as Twin Peaks meets Stars Hollow so Derek Attig   Waypoint Kangaroo by Curtis Chen: I wanted to read something fun and weird. This funny, thrilling spy-in-space story fits the bill. (ebook) Hannah Engler   The Unfortunate Importance of Beauty by Amanda Filipacchi: I finally let myself set foot in my favorite bookstore after weeks of being too broke and too busy. I was so overwhelmed by the choices that I eventually picked this book off the shelf at random and bought it without knowing anything about it it’s a weird, surreal little story whose narrator is driving me insane. Megan Cavitt   Seconds by Bryan Lee O’Malley: I’ve developed a terrible habit of nosing through certain friends’ bookshelves and assembling a Borrow stack whenever I come over. Said friends are fans of O’Malley’s famous hipster comic Scott Pilgrim, so I wasn’t surprised to find a pristine copy of O’Malley’s third graphic novel project in their home. Seconds has been a treat so far an existentially terrifying treat, but that’s what I go for. O’Malley does a wonderful job of depicting an unlikeable protagonist and her quarter-life-crisis without crossing the line into unsympathetic. (hardcover) March, volume 1, written by John Lewis and Andrew Aydin, illustrated by Nate Powell: “Graphic novels about the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement” is the niche my weird interests have led me to. You better show up and show some respect for John Lewis, though. The man’s a legend. I can’t recommend this enough. (paperback) Melody Schreiber   The Boys in the Boat: Nine Americans and Their Epic Quest for Gold at the 1936 Berlin Olympics by Daniel James Brown: I was a little hesitant to pick this up, since I know nothing about rowing. But several trusted readers in my life said it was one of the best books they’d read this year, so I had to give it a shot. (paperback) The Nightingale by Kristin Hannah: Thank goodness my book club selected this title. I wouldn’t have gravitated toward it otherwise, but I’m really enjoying it! (ebook) Nikki VanRy   The Queen of the Night by Alexander Chee: I’m only a third into this book, but it is so lush and perfect for Fall. (eBook) Descender Volume 1: Tin Stars by Jeff Lemire and Dustin Nguyen: A space opera with robots. I am so in. (comic) Steph Auteri   The Fisherman by John Langan: A fellow Book Rioter recommended this as a must-read, creepy as hell horror, and I am always on the hunt for new horror. So far, about a quarter of the way through, the building sense of quiet terror is absolute perfection. (Ebook) DIY MFA by Gabriele Pereira: I’m in a writing slump so, when I saw this book on display at an art space that was holding writing classes, the brightly-colored cover caught my eye. (Paperback) Rah Carter   Under the Udala Trees by Chinelo Okparanta: I heard lots of good stuff about this book when it came out last year, and as LGBT+ fiction taken place outside of a modern, western, secular context, it falls well with my interests. Eric Smith   Geekerella by Ashley Poston: I’ve been a fan of Ashley Poston’s for a while, since her delightful debut, The Sound of Us, came out with Bloomsbury Spark two years ago. She has a serious gift for writing incredibly charming YA contemporary stories, and her latest, Geekerella, is exactly that. A YA romp through the world of Comic Con and geekery, Geekerella is an adorable take on the, you guessed it, Cinderella fairytale… with a cosplay twist. Charming and heartfelt, it reads like a Morgan Matson or Lauren Morrill novel thrown into a bin of comic books, sprinkled with humor, swoons, and fandom. I’m absolutely devouring this one. (ARC, Out March 2017 with Quirk Books) Wink Poppy Midnight by April Genevieve Tucholke: What took me so long to get to this book? I’m about a third of the way through this really quirky and unique read, which tells the story of three very different and complicated teenagers. There’s sex, betrayal, incredibly toxic friendships, complicated families… oof. I’m having a hard time putting it down. The POV shifts quickly, with the teens sometimes only getting a paragraph here and there, so it reads really fast. Takning my time with this one. The prose is lovely and the characters are incredible. One to be savored. (Hardcover) Caraval by Stephanie Garber: This book just showed up in my life today and I’m dropping everything to read it. People have been comparing it to The Night Circus, a YA fantasy about sisters, magic, and a mysterious performance that happens once a year. So excited about this book. (ARC, out January 2017 with Flatiron Books) Thomas Maluck   Without You, There Is No Us by Suki Kim: Suki Kim spent time teaching at an elite North Korean school with the ulterior motive of writing this book. Reading it is one half teacher confessions, including Kim’s fellow American teacher, an evangelical Christian. The other half demonstrates how the adults in North Korea are just as subject to the country’s rigid, unforgiving system as the students. That kind of nationwide control fascinates and scares me. (ebook) Illuminae by Amie Kaufman and Jay Kristoff: My coworkers were all about this book when it first came out, but the format of “compiled variety of documents from an intergalactic YA tale” sounded too much like homework. Well, the peer pressure began anew with the sequel’s recent release, and I’m finally in the thick of this. It’s really good! All the snippets of emails, texts, chatlogs, reports, and interviews quickly add up to an efficient and compelling tale of multiple perspectives trying to make sense of a vast conspiracy in the void of space. (ebook) Ashley Bowen-Murphy   His Bloody Project by Graeme Macrae Burnet: I’ve been itching to read this since I saw int on the Man Booker Prize shortlist. Asylums, documentary evidence, unreliable narrators? Sign me up! Plus, this book has the added distinction of being like my graduate school thesis and yet is not my graduate school thesis. I’ve been reading this in fits and starts lately while I finish up. Somehow, I can justify it by saying it’s “thesis adjacent.” Just go with it. (e-book) Bitch Planet #8 by Kelly Sue DeConnick and Valentine De Landro: Yesssssss. I feel like I’ve been waiting forever for the newest edition of this comic book to arrive in my Comixology feed. Despite the wait, I’m really glad it showed up the weekend before the election. This is the comic book I need right now. (e-book) Learning From the Wounded: The Civil War and the Rise of American Medical Science by Shauna Devine: If there was ever a book that just screamed grad school, this is it. That said, while this is an incredibly well-researched academic text, it’s a delight to read not at all dry or dull. Devine’s book on the development of the medical profession in the United States is a joy to re-read as I double check some facts and figures before submitting my thesis. Of all the books to revisit, I’m glad it’s this one. (hardback) Nicole Brinkley   Here We Are: Feminism for the Real World edited by Kelly Jensen: Yeah, yall can be jealous. Here We Are showed up at my bookstore and I snatched it up so fast that I may have broken the space-time continuum. Edited by Book Riots own Kelly Jensen, this collection of essays on feminism designed for teens is perfect so far, a great combination of anecdotes and fun and in-depth discussion. I’m sampling it in snippets here and there as a treat for me and I can’t wait to read more. Timekeeper by Tara Sim This just-released YA novel from debut author Tara Sim has been on my must-read list for months and Im so excited to finally have my copy. Alternate Victorian world, clock magic, queer boys and I know that, thanks to Twitter, Tara and I share very similar taste in television shows and books, so Im really looking forward to it. Bonus: Victoria Schwab blurbed it, and Im a sucker for anything Schwab recommends. Karina Glaser   The Wangs vs. the World by Jade Chang: Working my way through the books by Book Riot Live speakers, and I’m loving this one. (Hardcover) Loving vs. Virginia: A Documentary Novel of the Landmark Civil Rights Case by Patricia Hruby Powell, illustrated by Shadra Strickland: A story written in blank verse about a couple who challenges the Virginia law forbidding interracial marriages in the 1950s. (Chronicle Books, January 31, 2017) A Rambler Steals Home by Carter Higgins: This middle grade book captured my heart right away with an irrepressible girl named Derby Christmas Clark whose rambling ways and huge heart sets the stage for a fantastic summer story. (HMH Books for Young Readers, February 28, 2017) Danika Ellis   The Annotated Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë, edited by Janet Gezari: I’m slowly making my way through this massive book, though I’m not sure I’ll finish it before I have to return it to the library. I’ve loved the idea of annotated editions of books ever since I read the annotated Alice In Wonderland, and Wuthering Heights feels like a perfect November re-read. (Library Hardcover) Cakewalk by Rita Mae Brown: I can’t actually lug The Annotated Wuthering Heights around with me, so I’m reading this one on the go. It’s a cute small town story set in the 20s, though I found out after starting it that this is late into the series and I haven’t read the previous books. Hopefully I can still keep up with the names. (eBook Review Copy) Katie McLain   Missoula: Rape and the Justice System in a College Town by Jon Krakauer: After finishing Columbine by Dave Cullen on audio, I needed another hard-hitting investigative work of nonfiction and holy cow, this one has delivered.  I’m almost finished and I’ve lost count of the number of rage-strokes I’ve had on my way to work about how these rape cases were handled, but this book is AMAZING.  (Digital audiobook) The Psychopath Test: A Journey Through the Madness Industry by Jon Ronson: This has been on my to-read list for a long time now, and after listening to Columbine and Missoula, both of which discuss psychopathy and/or narcissism, I’m interested in learning more.  (Trade paperback) Tasha Brandstatter   The Forgers by Bradford Morrow: The only book I allowed myself to buy in Japan. (trade paperback) The Heir by Kiera Cass: Wanted something fun and romantic to listen to after finishing Lyndsay Faye’s Dust and Shadow. (audiobook) Christy Childers   The Magnolia Story by Chip and Joanna Gaines: Because I’m totally hooked on Fixer Upper. Aram Mrjoian   California by Edan Lepucki: I’m a bit behind the trend on this one, but found a copy on sale at Unabridged Books, so I couldn’t pass it up. The new Kenyon Review just came in the mail as well, so it’s shaping up to be a wonderful reading weekend. (Hardcover) Brian McNamara   Mockingbird, vol. 1: I Can Explain by Chelsea Cain, Joelle Jones, Kate Niemczyk Ibrahim Moustafa: Picked this up last week to support Chelsea Cain but am just finally getting to sit down and read this. So far, I’m really loving it. (Softcover) The Cinder Spires: The Aeronaut’s Windlass by Jim Butcher: I took part in a sort of social media-chain-letter-book-swap and this was the first book to arrive as part of that. I know absolutely nothing about it and have no previous experience with the author, but there’s airships, cutlasses and googles and I could use a good steampunk fix. (Softcover) The Star Trek Encyclopedia, Revised Expanded Edition: A Reference Guide to the Future by Michael Denise Okuda: While I can’t say I’m reading this per se, I’ve been poring over it for the past several weeks and probably will be for several more. It’s a great update on the original comprehensive guides of the late 90s, and has a nice aesthetic look. (Slipcased Two-Volume Hardcover Set) Nicole Froio   Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza by Gloria Anzaldua: I am reading this as a part of my PhD research but it’s certainly amazing and I’ve caught myself reading it at leisure times too! (Paperback) Rising Strong by Brene Brown: I was looking for books on communication and this has really surpassed my expectations so far. (Paperback) You Can’t Touch My Hair: And Other Things I Still have to Explain by Phoebe Robinson: This book had me laughing out loud and that rarely happens when I am reading. Difficult Women by Roxane Gay: I love Roxane Gay and will always read anything she writes. Jessica Yang   Something New by Lucy Knisley: I loved Knisleys previous memoir comic Relish and wanted to read the follow-up comic! (paperback) Where Am I Now by Mara Wilson: I ended up following Mara Wilsons Twitter because she seemed funny, not realizing who she was or that she had a book coming out. But now Im reading her book and loving it. (paperback) Ashley Holstrom   Just My Type: A Book About Fonts by Simon Garfield: Because I am a font geek and oh my goodness, this is so much better than I thought it would be. (audio) Difficult Women by Roxane Gay: I got an ARC and ran to download this puppy. Silly me, I thought it was a collection of essays, not short stories, so the first one was a surprise. Anyway. These are a bit hard to swallow; I’m taking my time with this, reading a story every few days, and it is great. (ebook) Brandi Bailey   Death with Interruptions by José Saramago: Once upon a time I signed up for a local book group and I never once went to a single meeting, but before I failed to follow through with my socializing goals I did actually download that month’s selection to my Audible account. I’m enjoying it so far. It fits in with the social satire and Death personified niches I enjoy in literature and the narrator, Paul Baymer, is keeping me entertained. (Audio) How the French Invented Love: Nine Hundred Years of Passion and Romance by Marilyn Yalom: About 5 years ago my sister-in-law was visiting and saw this in a shop. Since we’re both confirmed francophiles, she encourage me to take it home. I’m just now getting to it because non-fiction and I have a rocky relationship. I’m sad I didn’t read it sooner. It’s way less dauntingly academic and far more digestible than I had a assumed. (Paperback) Octavias Brood: Science Fiction Stories from Social Justice Movements edited by Walidah Imarisha and adrienne maree brown: I’ve had my eyes on this one for a while and picked it off my wishlist as my birthday present to myself last month. The stories are unique, powerful, and important. For many of the contributors these are their first short story submissions but their insight into the issues at hand is invaluable. I will be recommending this to everybody. (Paperback) Jamie Canaves   Among the Ruins (Rachel Getty Esa Khattak #3) by Ausma Zehanat Khan (February 14, 2017, Minotaur Books): I’m a big fan of Khan’s series and this is one of my most anticipated for 2017. (egalley) Bitch Planet #9 by Kelly Sue DeConnick, Valentine De Landro (Art): Forever noncompliant! (paperback) Different Class by Joanne Harris (January 3, 2017, Touchstone): A psychological suspense written by the author of Chocolatyes, please. (egalley) When Dimple Met Rishi by Sandhya Menon (May 30, 2017, Simon Pulse): I saw that cover, fell in love and pounced on the ARCI am loving Dimple’s voice. (egalley) Molly Wetta   Sudden Death by Álvaro Enrigue, translated by Natasha Wimmer:  I randomly picked this up off a cart at the library mostly because it was the size of the book I next wanted to read (the kind that was small enough to fit in the purse I’ve been using). I was delighted to find that it was some sort of crazy postmodern novel about the imagined exploits of 16th century historical figures built around a framework of a tennis match played with a ball of Anne Boleyns hair translated from the Spanish, which turned out to be just what I was in the mood for. Emma Nichols   Where Am I Now? by Mara Wilson:  Like most book lovers, Matilda has always been a favorite book/movie of mine. But my recent interest in Mara Wilson is as a character on the podcast Night Valeâ€"she’s the voice of the faceless old woman who secretly lives in your house. Listening to her memoir on audiobook has been a wonderful introduction to Mara as an actress, comedian, and person. She’s wry, charming, and completely relatable. Katie McGuire   The Impossible Fortress by Jason Rekulak: I was lucky enough to win a copy of The Impossible Fortress and the moment it landed on my desk, I knew I had to dive right in. In 1980s New Jersey, budding teen video game designer Billy and his two best friends set out on a quest to acquire the Vanna White issue of Playboy issue and, in the process, Billy finds himself falling into friendshipand possibly something morewith a local store owner’s daughter, who just so happens to be a coding whiz. This book is Stranger Things meets Halt and Catch Fire, to be enjoyed by those (like me) who have a soft spot for 8-bit games and the teenage antics of a more innocent time. (galley) Ashlie Swicker   The Diviners by Libba Bray: This is deliberate reread to help me reach my NaNoWriMo goals Bray weaves an amazing story with a plethora of well developed characters, subtle romance, deep intrigueit’s a master class in novel writing. I’m particularly taking cues from her use of multiple perspectives to let the reader in on the mystery.  (Paperback) A Ship Beyond Time by Heidi Heilig (Greenwillow Books (HarperCollins), February 28th, 2017) Time-traveling pirates, magical maps, love triangles, Hawaii! I was chomping at the bit to read The Girl From Everywhere, the first in thisseries? Duology? Regardless of how many books we’ll get, I’m excited to revisit Nix and her friends and see where this next adventure will lead. (egalley) You Can’t Touch My Hair: And Other Things I Still Have To Explain by Phoebe Robertson: This is the book I keep in my purse at all times, that I whip out when I’m waiting in line at the drive thru, that made me forget to load my groceries on the belt, thereby seriously angering a line of people on a recent Sunday. It’s funny and earnest and feels like having brunch with a good friend. I’m trying not to read it too quickly. (paperback)

Biography of Field Marshal Walter Model, WWII German Commander

Born January 24, 1891, Walter Model was the son of a music teacher in Genthin, Saxony. Seeking a military career, he entered an army officer cadet school in Neisse in 1908. A middling student, Model, graduated in 1910 and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the 52nd Infantry Regiment. Though possessing a blunt personality and often lacking tact, he proved a capable and driven officer. With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Models regiment was ordered to the Western Front as part of the 5th Division. The following year, he won the Iron Cross, First Class for his actions in combat near Arras. His strong performance in the field garnered the attention of his superiors, and he was selected for a posting with the German General Staff the following year. Leaving his regiment after the initial stages of the Battle of Verdun, Model attended the required staff courses. Returning to the 5th Division, Model became adjutant of the 10th Infantry Brigade before commanding companies in the 52nd Regiment and the 8th Life Grenadiers. Elevated to captain in November 1917, he received the House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords for bravery in combat. The following year, Model served on the staff of the Guard Ersatz Division before finishing the conflict with the 36th Division. With the end of the war, Model applied to be part of the new, small Reichswehr. Already known as a gifted officer, his application was aided by a connection to General Hans von Seeckt who was tasked with organizing the postwar army. Accepted, he aided in putting down a Communist revolt in the Ruhr during 1920. Interwar Years Settling into his new role, Model married Herta Huyssen in 1921. Four years later, he received a transfer to the elite 3rd Infantry Division where he aided in testing new equipment. Made a staff officer for the division in 1928, Model lectured widely on military topics and was promoted to major the following year. Advancing in the service, he was shifted to the Truppenamt, a cover organization for the German General staff, in 1930. Pushing hard to modernize the Reichswehr, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1932 and colonel in 1934. After serving as a battalion commander with the 2nd Infantry Regiment, Model joined the General Staff in Berlin. Remaining until 1938, he then became chief of staff for IV Corps before being elevated to brigadier general a year later. Model was in this role when World War II began on September 1, 1939. World War II Advancing as part of Colonel General Gerd von Rundstedts Army Group South, IV Corps took part in the invasion of Poland that fall. Promoted to major general in April 1940, Model served as chief of staff for Sixteenth Army during the Battle of France in May and June. Again impressing, he earned command of the 3rd Panzer Division that November. An advocate of combined arms training, he pioneered the use of kampfgruppen which saw the formation of ad-hoc units consisting of armor, infantry, and engineers. As the Western Front quieted after the Battle of Britain, Models division was shifted east for the invasion of the Soviet Union. Attacking on June 22, 1941, the 3rd Panzer Division served as part of Colonel General Heinz Guderians Panzergruppe 2. On the Eastern Front Surging forward, Models troops reached the Dnieper River on July 4, a feat which won him the Knights Cross, before executing a highly-successful crossing operation six days later. After breaking up Red Army forces near Roslavl, Model turned south as part of Guderians thrust in support of German operations around Kiev. Spearheading Guderians command, Models division linked up with other German forces on September 16 to complete the encirclement of the city. Promoted to lieutenant general on October 1, he was given command of XLI Panzer Corps which was taking part in the Battle of Moscow. Arriving at his new headquarters, near Kalinin, on November 14, Model found the corps severely hampered by the increasingly cold weather and suffering from supply issues. Working tirelessly, Model restarted the German advance and reached a point 22 miles from the city before the weather forced a halt. On December 5, the Soviets launched a massive counterattack which forced the Germans back from Moscow. In the fighting, Model was tasked with covering the Third Panzer Groups retreat to the Lama River. Skillful in defense, he performed admirably. These efforts were noticed, and in early 1942 he received command of the German Ninth Army in the Rzhev salient and was promoted to general. Though in a precarious position, Model worked to strengthen his armys defenses as well as began a series of counterattacks against the enemy. As 1942 progressed, he succeeded in encircling and destroying the Soviet 39th Army. In March 1943, Model abandoned the salient as part of a wider German strategic effort to shorten their lines. Later that year, he argued that the offensive at Kursk should be delayed until newer equipment, such as the Panther tank, was available in large numbers. Hitlers Fireman Despite Models recommendation, the German offensive at Kursk began on July 5, 1943, with Models Ninth Army attacking from the north. In heavy fighting, his troops were unable to make substantial gains against the strong Soviet defenses. When the Soviets counterattacked a few days later, Model was forced back, but again mounted a stiff defense in the Orel salient before withdrawing behind the Dnieper. At the end of September, Model left the Ninth Army and took a three month long leave in Dresden. Becoming known as Hitlers Fireman for his ability to rescue bad situations, Model was ordered to take over Army Group North in late January 1944 after the Soviets lifted the Siege of Leningrad. Fighting numerous engagements, Model stabilized the front and conducted a fighting withdrawal to the Panther-Wotan Line. On March 1, he was elevated to field marshal. With the situation in Estonia calmed, Model received orders to take over Army Group North Ukraine which was being driven back by Marshal Georgy Zhukov. Halting Zhukov in mid-April, he was shuttled along the front to take command of Army Group Centre on June 28. Facing immense Soviet pressure, Model was unable to hold Minsk or reestablish a cohesive line west of the city. Lacking troops for much of the fighting, he was finally able to halt the Soviets east of Warsaw after receiving reinforcements. Having effectively shored up the bulk of the Eastern Front during the first half of 1944, Model was ordered to France on August 17 and given command of Army Group B and made commander-in-chief of OB West (German Army Command in the West). On the Western Front Having landed in Normandy on June 6, Allied forces shattered the German position in the region during Operation Cobra. Arriving at the front, he initially wished to defend the area around Falaise, where a portion of his command was nearly encircled, but relented and was able to extricate many of his men. Though Hitler demanded that Paris be held, Model responded that it was not possible without an additional 200,000 men. As these were not forthcoming, the Allies liberated the city on August 25 as Models forces retired towards the German frontier. Unable to adequately juggle the responsibilities of his two commands, Model willingly ceded OB West to von Rundstedt in September. Establishing Army Group Bs headquarters at Oosterbeek, Netherlands, Model was successful in limiting Allied gains during Operation Market-Garden in September, and the fighting saw his men crush the British 1st Airborne Division near Arnhem. As the fall progressed, Army Group B came under attack from General Omar Bradleys 12th Army Group. In intense fighting in the HÃ ¼rtgen Forest and Aachen, American troops were forced to pay a heavy cost for each advance as they sought to penetrate the German Siegfried Line (Westwall). During this time, Hitler presented von Rundstedt and Model with plans for a massive counter-offensive designed to take Antwerp and knock the western Allies out of the war. Not believing the plan to be feasible, the two unsuccessfully offered a more limited offensive option to Hitler. As a result, Model moved forward with Hitlers original plan, dubbed Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein (Watch on the Rhine), on December 16. Opening the Battle of the Bulge, Models command attacked through the Ardennes and initially made swift gains against the surprised Allied forces. Combating poor weather and acute shortages of fuel and ammunition, the offensive was spent by December 25. Pressing on, Model continued attacking until January 8, 1945, when he was forced to abandon the offensive. Over the next several weeks, Allied forces steadily reduced the bulge the operation had formed in the lines. Final Days Having angered Hitler for failing to capture Antwerp, Army Group B was directed to hold every inch of ground. Despite this proclamation, Models command was steadily pushed back to and across the Rhine. The Allied crossing of the river was made easier when German forces failed to destroy the key bridge at Remagen. By April 1, Model and Army Group B were encircled the Ruhr by the US Ninth and Fifteenth Armies. Trapped, he received orders from Hitler to turn the region into a fortress and destroy its industries to prevent their capture. While Model ignored the latter directive, his attempts at defense failed as Allied forces cut Army Group B in two on April 15. Though asked to surrender by Major General Matthew Ridgway, Model refused. Unwilling to surrender, but not wishing to throw away the lives of his remaining men, Model ordered Army Group B dissolved. After discharging his youngest and oldest men, he told the remainder that they could decide for themselves whether to surrender or attempt to break through the Allied lines. This move was denounced by Berlin on April 20, with Model and his men being branded as traitors. Already contemplating suicide, Model learned that the Soviets intended to prosecute him for alleged war crimes pertaining to concentration camps in Latvia. Departing his headquarters on April 21, Model attempted to seek death at the front with no success. Later in the day, he shot himself in a wooded area between Duisburg and Lintorf. Initially buried there, his body was moved to a military cemetery in Vossenack in 1955.

The Components of Art Therapy - 2751 Words

According to Dryden et al. (1992), the concept of art therapy is essentially based in the image and the progression of this method permits the occurrence of a transaction between three critical components of this model. Respectively these components are known as the creator or patient, the artifact, and the therapist. The aims of art therapy align with other processes of therapy whereby; the therapist engages his/her expertise to allow the patient’s unconscious feelings to travel to a conscious state. Once the unconscious emotions of the creator attain a conscious level, the application of art therapy principles allows the therapist to assess these emotions, feelings, attitudes and behaviors accordingly (Dryden et al. 1992). In order to†¦show more content†¦Consequently, traditional implementations of art-based mediums in addressing the emotional burden of trauma, depression, anxiety and stress have also focused on developing art as a medium to treat the patients. This also permits the patients to recollect, recreate and incorporate traumatic incidents to recuperate from the disorders that share a relationship with psychological disorders (Spiegel et al. 2006). Spiegel et al. (2006) claim that in accordance with the applications of art therapy in case of trauma, clinicians and therapists have developed specific programs in accordance. These programs aim to treat the adverse psychological impacts of trauma that is caused by war, domestic violence, sexual abuse and homicide. C. Experience The scope of the research that aims to discuss art therapy as a detector, intervention and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder is an extensive area of study. It has the ability to impact the lives of millions of individuals who suffer from severe depression and anxiety as a consequence of a single traumatic incident or series of traumatic events. 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The goal of ART ® is to improve social skill competence, anger control, and moral reasoning. Modality. ART uses a three-pronged program to achieve success. The program incorporates

Discussion Skills in Groups Free Essays

Discussion skills in groups To be human is to interact with other people, to relate to others, often in groups. In groups a whole series of dynamics occur. People will have different reasons for being in a group, will want differing things out of it, may not get on equally well with everyone in that group. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion Skills in Groups or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many of the groups we are in have a social purpose, meeting friends, going on holiday, working on a task. Whilst we may not think about it consciously we need a range of personal/social skills to relate well with others, to come to agreements, to achieve group goals. This is particularly the case when we have to co-operate with others in order to achieve a specific work goal. In particular this occurs when working in small discussion groups, when having to make a presentation or when involved in social, political or environmental action. This document is about what you need to know and the skills that you need to develop in order to do that well. 1. FEELING SAFE What comes up I wonder what comes up for you when you find yourself in a group? Some of the feelings will probably be: Who are these people? Will I like them? Will they like me? What if someone criticises me? Or it could be: This should be fun. I’m looking forward to this. I might learn something new here. I might make new friends. Probably it will be a mix of the two. But notice that in each case what comes up are quite strong feelings. This is normal – for everyone. The important thing is to pay attention to them, to listen to them, to see what they tell you about yourself. The affective (feeling) domain is equally as important as the cognitive (thinking) domain in social experience. Some of the feelings you will have when first in a group will be to do with safety. Does it feel OK to be here? Are these people I want to be with? If you have chosen who you are with this may partly be on the basis of how safe you feel with them, supported and respected by them. Remember other people will be having similar feelings to your own. 1 Ground rules It is difficult to work well with others in a group if you are feeling insecure, setting up a framework which helps give a sense of security to the group is thus essential. This involves agreement on what are called ‘ground rules’. Ground rules should be agreed by the group members themselves. Here are five essential ones. Speaking – only one person speaks at a time, this could be as a result of putting a hand up or agreeing to take turns to speak. Listening – it is important to really listen to what the other person is saying without interrupting them. Not judging – it is really important to listen without making judgements about the other person, this is where they are coming from, respect that. Sharing – no one person should dominate the discussion, no person should be left out, everyone should be encouraged to contribute. Voice – it’s not about saying the right thing or having an answer, it’s about ‘finding your voice’, which may be just to say what you’re feeling. The group task The most important thing in a task orientated group is to reach agreement on the goal and how best to achieve it. There is always a tension between individual/group needs that has to be resolved. You may thus have to put some of your own needs aside in order to achieve the set task. This does not mean ignoring them. You might want to take it in turns at the beginning just to say how you feel about being in the group before getting down to the task. Q: Is there anything you need to do before you can be really present to what we’ve got to do? 2. DISCUSSION SKILLS Sharing feelings It often really helps the group dynamic to periodically check-in with how you are feeling about the task. You might therefore make observations such as: â€Å"I feel really excited about working together on this†; â€Å"I feel really daunted about the task we have to do†; â€Å"I feel nervous about having anything valuable to contribute†. Such statements don’t necessarily require an answer but they do reveal what is going on for you. Others know where you’re at and can then take this into account. Feelings are kept out in the open which, if not 2 expressed, might hinder achievement of the task. They may also often strike a chord of sympathy with others. Sharing opinions For a group to achieve its task everyone needs to contribute, this means everybody needs to share their thoughts and opinions in the group. Two things may happen at first: i) you may feel you don’t have anything to say; ii) you may be nervous about sharing your ideas with others. Firstly, whatever the topic you will have some responses to it, so spend a moment or two jotting down any questions, ideas, experiences which you feel may be relevant. Secondly, it is quite alright to be tentative about what you first say. It is often only in the process of discussion that your ideas will begin to become clear. Remember to hold your certainties lightly, i. e. whilst stating your opinion about a particular issue you may still find you want to refine or alter it later. Similarly other people’s starting points may not be where they finish up. Active listening Don’t be afraid to remind the group of the ground rules for by remembering these the group will feel a safer place in which to experiment and try out ideas. Everyone has a shared responsibility here. Active listening means really listening to what someone is saying whether you agree with them or not. It means not interrupting or spending the time thinking about your answer. It is also really helpful to check out with the speaker that you have understood correctly what they are saying. This can best be done by paraphrasing what you feel they have said and reflecting that back to them. What I heard you say was†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The speaker then knows she has really been heard or can clarify any points if she needs to. When everyone feels really listened to and respected achievement of the group’s task will be much easier and more fun. 3. REACHING AGREEMENT Working co-operatively If your group is following all of these strategies – and it does take practice – you are well on the way to good co-operative working. Co-operative working involves considering different ways to set about the task and 3 agreeing on the best one. If you feel safe in the group you are less likely to mind about making compromises sometimes. Working co-operatively does not mean that everyone has to agree. You may work co-operatively and supportively to identify the main differences of opinion on an issue and to really clarify the arguments for and against different opinions. Co-operative working also means working to bring out the best in others. Difficulties and disagreements However well a group gets on there will still be difficulties and disagreements. If someone’s behaviour upsets you what should you do? First, remember the ground rules! Second, you need to share how you are feeling. There is a crucial difference between saying â€Å"You really annoy me when you play around in the group† (blaming) and â€Å"I find it difficult to focus on the task when you play around† (ownership of your own feelings). On some issues discussion may get heated and someone may need to use the ground rules to cool things down. You might say â€Å"Let’s take a few minutes out to reflect on what’s happening here. Is there a more constructive way in which we could move this forward, I wonder? † It is also fine to disagree! No one is suggesting that everyone in the group must have the same opinion on how best to do something. However, if it is a collective task, e. g. a seminar presentation, everyone will need to agree on how to share this out and work effectively together. Staying on task It always helps to stand back occasionally and watch what is going on in a group. Is someone dominating conversation, is someone staying quiet, is the group getting off task? It is always important and helpful to feed your observations back to the group. ‘Keeping on task’ can have both a narrow and a broad interpretation. You may feel that conversation is straying from the task and topic under discussion and decide to draw attention to this. You might be right, but what appears to be straying off course can sometimes lead to fruitful insights and a sharpened perception of the issue. Developing these skills will take time, you will make mistakes that you can learn from, and you will try again. Gradually you will find that working in a group is less daunting than you may have thought, that you do have something to contribute, and that ‘synergy’ begins to occur – this is when 4 the insight and output of the group begins to feel more than the sum of its individual parts. David Hicks T4BW 5 How to cite Discussion Skills in Groups, Essay examples

Rights vs rights Essay Example For Students

Rights vs rights Essay During the twentieth century Black people faced a huge amount of discrimination from the whites and found it very difficult to achieve civil rights. They were at one stage deprived of voting, being entitled the same things as blacks and going to a white school. In order for blacks to achieve civil rights they really needed someone to follow, they needed a leader. Many black leaders did emerge for the fight for civil rights, such as, Malcolm X, James Baldwin, Martin Luther King, Marcus Garvey, some had some ways of thinking some had others. Two of the most powerful and influential leaders of the twentieth century had to be Malcolm X and Martin Luther King. These two leaders had different approaches, and different views towards white people, perhaps their different approaches of violence and non-violence stem from their original opinions of how capable the whites are of being good, but fought for the same thing. Freedom. These great leaders came from vastly different backgrounds which is shown in their thinking on life, especially early on. Martin was a Christian from the rural south, whilst Malcolm had become a Muslim from the urban north. King called for love of your neighbor, integration and nonviolence, which was part of his American Dream. Malcolm X called for self-love, separation, and by any means necessary, which was part of his Black Nationalism. Throughout their lives their views were constantly changing, largely affected by each other, but also by the many events in their lives. Malcolm X forced King to become more radical and to look into the problems of the urban north. King made X become more politically active and work much more with the Civil Rights Movement. Although many have often said that they were like oil and water, these two men, however different they may have seemed to be, had the same goal. They wanted to end exploitation, discrimination and racism. Also, for both, religion was primary in defining their lives and ideals. There are two d istinct phases in their political lives. For King, the change in his outlook came when he looked at the social problems of the urban slums, and the extent of racism of his previous allies. This turning point came with the riots in Watts, Los Angeles. For Malcolm X, the major change came when he broke from the Nation of Islam and went on his trip to Mecca, when he realized the anti-racist nature of true Islam. It must be remembered, however, that Martins second phase came well after Malcolms death. Their achievements will not be looked at, but throughout there will be a discussion on how and why their aims and methods were formed. Not all of the whites involved in the problem of racism supported it. Some were actually trying to help fight for the blacks. Unfortunately, it took Malcolm X a long time to figure that out. He is constantly criticizing whites as a whole. He does not consider, even for a moment, that a white could actually support equality for all men. Usually, its the white man who grins at you the most, and pats you on the back, and is supposed to be your friend. He may be friendly, but hes not your friend. However, in a later work of his, 1965(1), one can see that Malcolm X was learning to accept whites as possible allies. Yet, while Malcolm learned over a period of time that not all whites are evil, Martin Luther King entered the scene already fully aware that good whites existed. In fact, where Malcolm underestimated the goodness in whites, King seems to have overestimated it. Yet, even after he found that he did not receive as much white support as he had hoped for, Martin Luther King never lost faith in the white community. .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79 , .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79 .postImageUrl , .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79 , .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79:hover , .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79:visited , .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79:active { border:0!important; } .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79:active , .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79 .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u90d4cab83714bab87446b279aef95c79:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis Of The Kingdom Of Mat EssayAltogether, these views of white society as expressed by Malcolm X and Martin Luther King are reflected in their methods of fighting racism. Malcolm X, who supported the use of violence to achieve equality, most likely reached the conclusion that this was the only way to fight the whites based on his original view of them as heartless and uncaring. One place in Malcolms The Ballot or the Bullet, where his categorizing of whites with violence and cruelty can be found, is during a passage in which he compares the white man with a Guerrilla warrior. Youve got to have a heart to be a Guerrilla warrior, and he (the white man) hasnt got any he art. Malcolm X sees the whites as a violent group. He most likely came to his theory, that nothing important could be accomplished without violence, through the reasoning that only violence can be used to stop a violent group. Violent people would not understand the use of peaceful means to reach an agreement. Therefore, it is not really the violence itself that he supports as much as it is the reason for using it. He justifies his use of violence by trying to explain that there is no other way to get through to the white people. In contrast, Martin Luther King sees the whites more as victims of violence than creators of violence. He blames the violence, itself, on evil forces. In Pilgrimage to Nonviolence, Martin Luther King calls the problem of racism The tension is, at bottom, between justice and injustice, between the forces of light and the forces of darkness We are out to defeat injustice and not white persons who may be unjust. Therefore, one can see why King rejects the idea of using violence to achieve his goals. Only love can defeat evil. The aftermath of nonviolence is the creation of the beloved community, while the aftermath of violence is tragic bitterness. Aside from their basic methods of achieving their goals, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King have also talked about solutions for the racial problem. What could put an end to racial prejudices in America? For Martin Luther King, part of the answer to this question would include the elimination of unjust laws. Unjust law said by Martin Luther Kin g is Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. These are laws which the white man expects the black man to follow, without following the laws himself. Everyone should be required to follow the same set of rules. These rules should also be consistent with the moral law. Malcolm X answers this question a little more concretely. In 1965, he suggests that whites, who wish to help, should work with other whites to change the beliefs of the white system as a whole. They should teach friends, family, and any one else they know about non-violence. Supportive whites should work together to change Americas racist view of blacks in the society. Likewise, he expects the blacks to do the same in their communities. In this manner, both sides of the racial problem can be dealt with at the same time, making an end to the racial problem more acceptable. It is obvious that Malcolm X and Martin Luther King were fighting for the same cause, racism. Although their views on white Americans, which affected their methods of approach, were originally different, both activists came to realize that not all whites could be classified as good or bad. They began to see that, instead of discouraging whites from helping, they could use eager whites to create more of an impact within the white communities. This is important because it shows that it is possible for whites and blacks to work together for a single cause. It leaves hope that maybe one day, all traces of racism can disappear and leave behind a united society in which everyone can work together for the good of the country. .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5 , .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5 .postImageUrl , .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5 , .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5:hover , .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5:visited , .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5:active { border:0!important; } .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5:active , .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5 .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2fea1bbd614a87db0121761f7d0440d5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Frado Our Nig EssaySo overall Martin Luther King was much more educated then Malcolm X. He had seen life the easy way compared to Malcolm. Martin Luther King hadnt been through what Malcolm had been through, while Malcolm x was busy being a criminal, Martin Luther King was busy doing his Ph.D. Malcolm X spent about ten years of his life in jail, which in that time he learned to hate the white man, his belief towards whites was they were blue-eyed devils. I think towards the end King became more radical because he became more critical of the government, mainly because King had seen laws being passed and civil rights being achieved politically but still socially he felt that black people hadnt achieved civil rights. The case for Malcolm X is not however the same, while his journey to Mecca Malcolm finds out there are white Muslims, therefor discover that not all white people are devils.

Foundations Management

Introduction The external environment of an organization plays an important role when it comes to the strategic management of an organization’s activities. While many managers focus on the various internal dimensions of an organization, they rarely place the same emphasis on the external environment which is usually at times dynamic, fast-changing and volatile.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Foundations Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The external environment of an organization is usually made up of the political, economic, social and technological factors which in one way or another affect the functions and operations of an organization (Witcher and Chau 2010). An analysis of these factors is important for an organization as it will allow the managers to develop strategies that will allow the organization to deal with any changes that might exist in the external environment. Strategy which is an important part of a company’s operations refers to the means used by the company to achieve the long term objectives and goals that have been set. Strategies are the actions which are used by managers to direct the functions of employees so that the goals and objectives of the organization can be achieved. Strategies are important for an organization because they affect the long-term prosperity and functionality of the organization (Goldman and Nieuwenhuizen 2006). Managers have to develop strategies that are future oriented to ensure they reflect the vision of the company. Because of the multifunctional consequences they have on business operations, the internal and external factors have to be considered when developing suitable strategies for the organization (Mason 2007). Many studies have been conducted on the factors that make up the external environment of an organization (Canzer 2006) as well as strategic management for company managers (Sadler and Craig 2003). The re however exists limited research on the relationship between these two aspects.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The current research will seek to review previous and current research that will shed more light on the relationship that exists between an organization’s external environment and the strategy developed by the organization to achieve its long term goals. The study will provide a review of the existing research conducted on the relationship between external factors and organizational strategy. Basic information on Strategy and Environment Based on the classical Chandlerian view developed by Chandler in 1962 on organizational strategy, structure and the environment, Chandler was able to note that the environment of an organization determined the strategy that would be formulated by the organization’s players which in turn determined the structure of t he organization. Chandler basically proposed that environment, strategy and structure were concepts that were directly related to each other. However this line of thought changed with modern researchers such as Hall and Saias and Whittington et al (1999 cited by Wiegl 2008) who noted that strategy, structure and environment were different constructs. The above mentioned researchers were able to note that the existing inter-organizational structures determined the type of capacity an organization had to develop specific strategies that would reflect the conditions of the external environment. The researchers noted that both strategy and structure were usually influenced by the external environment. Managers therefore had to adapt their decisions to reflect the goings on of the external environment thereby ensuring that the internal environment of the organization was able to respond to the external environment of the organization. Miles and Snow, Pfeffer and Salancik, Mintzberg and S tarbuck who all conducted their studies on the relationship between the environment and strategy in the 1970s were able to argue that the environmental conditions of an organization had to be taken into account when investigating the types of strategy that existed within an organization (Weigl 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Foundations Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scholars in the field of strategic management have been able to conceptualize the external environment of an organization as one of the major constructs that can be used to understand the strategic management activities of an organization. According to Hall and Tolbert (2005 cited by Weigl 2008) the environment of an organization is referred to as any external or internal phenomena that influences the performance of an organization. The external phenomena include factors such as political, socio-cultural, economic and technologic al factors while the internal phenomena included factors such as the employees, organizational structure and managers of an organization. These phenomena according to Hall and Tolbert played an important role in strategy decision making within an organization. Hall and Tolbert noted that the internal and external factors that affected the performance of a business pointed to the fact organizations in general do not exist in a vacuum. The factors that existed in the organization’s environment were usually used to develop the strategy of the organization and these factors fell into the three environments of an organization which include the macro-environment, the operating environment and the internal environment (Wiegl 2008). The factors that exist in the macro environment include economic, social, political and legal factors while the factors that exist in the operating environment include regulatory agencies, competitors, customers and stakeholders of the company. The factor s that exist in the internal environment include trade unions, board of directors, employees and the managers of the company. These factors have proved to be important when developing strategies and strategic decisions that will be used by the organization in its operation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Previous documented research from scholars such as Ansoff, Lawrence and Lorsch who all conducted their studies in the 1960s have been able to reveal that there is a contingent relationship between the environments of an organization and strategic decision making (Weigl 2008). Strategic management scholars such as Lenz and Engledow (1986 cited by Weigl 2008) were able to note that the type of strategic plan adopted by an organization had the ability to influence the external environment in which the organization operated in. Such a theoretical perspective meant that the creation and alignment of strategic decisions was a recurring process for organizations that were directly in contact with their environments. According to researchers such as Tan and Tan (cited by Weigl 2008), the recurring interaction that took place between an organization’s environment and strategic adaptation was conceptualized as a continuously evolving cycle of the interdependence between environment and strategy. Relationship between the External Environment and Strategy As mentioned in the introductory part of this discussion, there exists abundant research on the external environment of an organization as well as strategy and strategic management which are all important concepts to an organization. There have been however limited studies that have been conducted to explain the relationship that exists between the two. The most recent research conducted on this relationship is that done by Mason (2007) who was able to analyze the effect an organization’s external environment had on the development of strategy and strategic operations that would guide the business performance of the organization. Mason (2007) primarily focused on the impact of the external environment on the choice managers made when developing strategic management activities. The findings of his study revealed that companies which operated in dynamic, volatile and rapidly changing external environments nor mally developed fast and radical strategies that would respond to this type of external environment. In the case of organizations that operated in less turbulent external environments, Mason (2007) was able to note that organizations developed adaptive and less disruptive strategies that would respond to such an environment. Wong (1991) who is among the few researchers to conduct a study on the relationship between the external environment and organizational strategy focused on how organizational strategies developed for manufacturers in the United States could be adapted to reflect the external environment. Wong (1991) focused on the marketing, production, financial, distribution and logistical operations of the companies to ascertain whether the strategies developed for these functions were adapted to suit the external environment. The findings of his study revealed that these operations were mostly affected by a dominant factor that existed in the external environment which was c ompetition from foreign manufacturers. The companies understudy were able to develop organizational strategies that would be able to accommodate foreign competition. Wong (1991) was able to note that while the manufacturing companies operated in the same industry, they had differing perceptions on the factors that exist in their external environments. They all however maintained that the external environment affected the strategic operations and activities of an organization. Voiculet et al (2010) were also able to conduct a study on the impact of the external environment on the organizational development of strategy. The researchers were able to note that the actions of factors which make up the external environment had a direct and indirect effect on the formulation of strategy within the organization. They were also able to note that an analysis of the external environment provided important information on how strategy formulation within an organization could be conducted. Viocul et et al (2010) identified the two important external environments that affected how an organization’s managers developed their strategies and these were the macro environment and the operating environment of an organization. As mentioned earlier the external factors that exist in the macro environment include economic, social, political and legal factors while the factors that exist in the operating environment include regulatory agencies, competitors, customers and stakeholders of the company. These factors according to Vioculet et al (2010) proved to be important when developing strategies and strategic decisions that would be used by the organization in achieving organizational objectives and goals. Influence of the External Environment on Strategy Prescott in his 1986 study was able to provide important evidence on the way the external environment of an organization influenced strategy formulation and strategic management within organizations. Prescott (cited by Burke 20 11) was able to note that the perceptions that most organizational executives had of the external environment directly affected their strategic decisions. For example if the managers had a perception that the external environment was going to be volatile at a future date based on current conditions, they would develop strategies that would allow the organization to adapt quickly to these environmental conditions. They therefore had to incorporate external conditions when making important strategic decisions that would determine the direction the organization would take in the future. Plohart et al (2006) noted that how an organization perceived its external environment with particular focus on its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats influenced the type of strategy that the organization’s managers were likely to pursue in that type of environment. The researchers focused on how the external environment affected the staffing needs of organizations where past resear ch revealed that staffing was a by-product of the strategy formulation process. According to research conducted by Snow and Snell in 1993 (cited by Plohart et al 2006), organizations that operated within fast-changing and dynamic environments were forced to develop strategies that would allow them to adapt quickly to the prevailing conditions. Based on Hall and Tolbert’s 2005 study, the interdependence that existed between strategy and the external environment demonstrated the type of mutual and dynamic relationship that existed between these two concepts. Scholars such as Weick (1969 cited by Weigl 2008) explained the strategy-environment relationship by calling it the environmental enactment relationship meaning that organizations had to respond to the external environmental conditions for them to generate suitable strategic choices. Such a reciprocal perspective offered an assumption that change within an organization was not an outcome of managerial adaptation or environm ental selection, but it was rather a result of the external environmental and also the strategic adaptation chosen by the organization (Weigl 2008). Consequently, scholars of strategic management noted that the strategy and environment of an organization were constructs that were related. Recent studies such as those done by Chan et al in 2006 on the strategy-environment relationship were able to reveal that alignment within an organization played an important role in adapting an organization to the external environment. Chan et al were also able to note that organizations that operated in transition economies saw the influence of the external environment as an important asset especially when developing highly constrained and complex strategic decisions. The external environment played an important part in influencing the type of strategic decisions that would be made by managers and other decision making authorities within an organization (Weigl 2008). Conclusion This review has fo cused on determining the type of relationship that exists between the external environment of an organization and its strategy. The review conducted on various literature and academic sources has been able to reveal that there exists a direct and indirect relationship between the two concepts. The review has revealed that when formulating strategies, the strategic decision makers of an organization have to analyze the conditions that exist in the internal and external environment to ensure that the organization is able to adapt its operations to reflect those in these environments. The strategy-environment relationship is therefore important for an organization when it comes to making strategic choices. References Burke, W.W., (2011) Organization change: theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Canzer, B., (2006) E-business: strategic thinking and practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company Goldman, G., and Nieuwenhuizen, C., (2006) Strategy: sustaining comp etitive  advantage in a globalized context. Cape Town, South Africa: Juta and Company Mason, R.B., (2007) The external environment’s effect on management and strategy: A complexity theory approach, Management Decision, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp.10 – 28 Plohart, R.E., Schneider, B., and Schmitt, N., (2006) Staffing organizations:  contemporary practice and theory. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Sadler, P., and Craig, J.C., (2003) Strategic management. London: Kogan Page Vioculet, A., Belu, N., Parpandel, D.E., and Rizea, I.C., (2010) The impact of external  environment on organizational development strategy. MPRA Paper No. 26303. Available at:  https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/26303/1/MPRA_paper_26303.pdf Weigl, T., (2008) Strategy, structure and performance in a transition economy. Frankfurt, Germany: Gabler-Verlag Springer Science. Witcher, B.J., and Chau, V.S., (2010) Strategic management; principles and practice. Hampshire, United Kingdom: Cengage Learnin g Wong, Y.Y., (1991) Adapting organizational strategies to evolving environment: a  multiple-case study of United States apparel manufacturers. Paper AAI9219393, Lincoln: University of Nebraska This essay on Foundations Management was written and submitted by user Lilliana Clay to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Fahrenheit 451 Novel Profile Essay

Fahrenheit 451 Novel Profile Essay Fahrenheit 451 Novel Profile Essay Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury Copyright 1953 159 pages Fahrenheit 451 Novel Profile 1. Although it was written in the 1950s, the novel is set in a futuristic dystopian world sometime in the twenty ­fourth century in an undisclosed city. The tone of the book is poetic and menacing, while bitterly satirical. 2. The main character, Guy Montag is a fireman who burns books in a futuristic American city. In Montag’s world, firemen start fires rather than putting them out. The people in this society do not read books, enjoy nature, spend time by themselves, think independently, or have meaningful conversations. After an encounter with seventeen year old, Clarisse McClellan, Montag begins to question every choice he has made, including his career. He then encounters hardships, including his wife, Mildred, suicide attempt by overdose and an old woman with a stash of hidden books chooses to be burned alive along with her books. Distraught by the unhappiness in his life, he seeks the help of Professor Faber to save these burning books. Eventually, he returns to work on to respond to an alarm on his house, where he is forced to burn it to the ground himself. In rebellion, Montag refuses and kills Captain Beatty with the kerosene hose, becoming a fugitive. On the run, he meets a group of retired professors, who came together in hopes of find lost literature and encourage others to read again. While a war is raging and a bomb just hit, he novel ends with them walking together in the distance in hopes of finding another city to rebuild a proper civilization in. 3. Guy Montag  ­ A fireman who suddenly realizes he is unhappy with his life and starts to search for meaning in the books he is supposed to be burning. He is determined to break free from the oppression of ignorance. He befriends a young teenage girl, who opens his eyes to his ignorance, as well as an old English professor named Faber. With these new found friendships, he is able to break the mold and become a new man. Captain Beatty  ­The captain of Montag’s fire department. Although he is well ­read, he hates books and people who insist on reading them. He is cunning and devious. He almost seems to have the ability to read Montag’s mind. Professor Faber  ­ A retired English professor whom Montag had talked to a year before. Faber admits that society is due to the cowardice of people like himself, who would not speak out against book burning when they still could have stopped it. He hates himself for being a coward, but he redeems himself when he acts with great courage when in the face of danger. Clarisse McClellan  ­ A seventeen ­year ­old girl who opens Montag to the world’s potential for beauty and meaning with her gentle innocence and curiosity. She is an outcast from society because of her odd habits and always asking questions, but she seems genuinely happy with her life until she was killed by a speeding car. 4. Through the novel, the protagonist, Montag goes through many life changes. In the beginning of the novel, he takes pride in his work with the fire department. In the last two years, however, a growing discontent has grown in Montag, a "fireman turned sour" who cannot yet name the cause of his emptiness and disaffection. He characterizes his restless mind as "full of bits and pieces," and he requires sedatives to sleep. His hands, more attuned to his inner workings than his conscious mind, seem to take charge of his behavior. Through his friendship with Clarisse McClellan, Montag perceives the harshness of society as opposed to the joys of nature in which he rarely partakes. When Clarisse teases him about not being in love, he experiences an epiphany and sinks into a despair that characterizes most of the novel. Montag's moroseness reaches a critical point after he witnesses

All DP- CH-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

All DP- CH-1 - Essay Example The paper discussed the prevalence of diabetes in South Asian women in Los Angeles County in a critical manner highlighting reasons and impact in the recent run. It was found that South Asian women suffer from diabetes mainly because of the genetic and lifestyle issues. They are well educated and supported by strong demographics still lack focus and dedication to deal with the diabetes issue. One of the most critical factors pertaining to the treatment of diabetes is based on the notion that, it cannot be treated and thus can only be managed and controlled. However, in many cases, individuals do not even take initiatives in controlling it rather than getting affected by it to the core and then taking actions and initiatives. South Asian women have strong demographics and weak social factors making them all the more vulnerable towards the treatment of diabetes in the long run. This report makes a conclusion that South Asian women are exposed to little awareness programs that affect their thought process. The problem lies in dealing with the diabetes issue that is dependent on the understanding of reasons behind the rise of diabetes (Mather and Keen, 1985). In the past, it was found that health intervention programs have been of great help but considering the need of mutual cooperation and coordination; at times; healthcare models and programs create very little impact and in the case of South Asian women, it was found that healthcare models affect for a brief period of time and then are of little use and importance considering the lack of continuation and zeal to take positive initiatives.

History and Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

History and Political Science - Essay Example There has been opposing view points concerning the effects of the industrial revolution, whereby, both positive and negative outcomes have been associated with the events of the industrial revolution. Based on intensive analysis and discussions of the events surrounding the industrial revolution, it is with no doubt that it had massive positive effects on the socio-economic, cultural and political platforms. On the contrary, the industrial revolution also had negative effects on the socio-economic, political and cultural conditions. In this essay, the benefits and hardships resulting from the industrial revolution on the socio-economic, cultural and political platforms, will be expounded. Discussion The industrial revolution will live to be acknowledged for its positive impacts on the human society. This was a major turning point in human history, whereby, almost all aspects of daily life were influenced. The general human potential was positively influenced by the industrial revolut ion. This is evident through the increased average income as well as the population. Through the increase of the average global population and income, the human potential was magnified. ... The increased innovations realized through development in technology, impacted positively on all aspects of industrial production. This is evident through the innovations in iron making, steam power and textiles. A point worth of consideration is that human capital was magnified through these innovations, thus boosting production efficiency and returns from the industrial processes. Based on this phenomenon, wealth creation and income generation were positively impacted, hence demonstrating the benefits of the industrial revolution. The ease in transfer of knowledge during the industrial revolution, enhanced human efficiency across the globe, thus boosting industrial activities (Horn et al. 2010, p. 121). The industrial revolution led to increased efficiency in transportation and communication. This is a key factor which boosted human potential in business and industrialization. The use of highways, canals and turnpikes, had positive impacts on the transport sector, which in turn fac ilitated business activities and networks across the globe. The concept of job creation by the factories also impacted positively on human capital and the economic sector. Through job creation, human mobility, urbanization, and investment were facilitated, thus enhancing the social and economic landscape. From the social perspective, the high incomes enhanced better living standards which in turn led to high life expectancy. In particular, child mortality was decreased and high levels of human health recorded, hence enhancing human comfort and potential (More 2000, p. 168). From another perspective, the industrial revolution had negative impacts on human life, whereby,

Barriers to Entrepreneurship Development in Tajikistan

Barriers to Entrepreneurship Development in Tajikistan Introduction The development of the entrepreneurship as an essential component of the economy of Tajikistan is taking place for the past 19 years, in spite of its certain downturn during the civil war in the country in 1991-1997. Within the given period, the legal framework for the regulation of business activities was developed and amendments to the particular conditions of the governmental policy related to the entrepreneurship support were made. The stage of the entrepreneurship establishment required the improvement of its sectoral structure and enhancement of the economic efficiency. It is obvious that the prospects of its development are directly related to the alleviation of particular barriers which business people currently encounter. At the same time the inception of economical growth should initiate the positive influence on the entrepreneurship promotion. The essay will exclusively focus on the analysis of entrepreneurship establishment and development in Tajikistan with the reference to SME sector including the importance of entrepreneurship for the socio-economic development. In addition, the essay will describe main barriers to entrepreneurship development and possible ways to alleviate the difficulties related to its promotion. The rationale for the decision to write about this specific issue is based on following particular reasons: there are very few research works describing problems of entrepreneurship development in Tajikistan. Although, some scholars described these issues in the former Soviet Union countries, in most of their works Tajikistan is only slightly mentioned among the other countries. The objective of this given paper is to define the entrepreneurship situation in Tajikistan, the importance of its development as well as to identify the difficulties for entrepreneurship development and to provide recommendation for the solution of the existing problems. In order to reach the stated objective, the following research questions were raised. First of all it is important to understand, what are the main barriers to entrepreneurship development in Tajikistan? Secondly, what are the possible ways to promote entrepreneurship development? The theoretical and empirical grounds for the given paper are the analytical works of Tajik and foreign scholars, statistical data, as well as surveys and reports of various international institutions. Due to the analysis of both foreign and Tajik experts assessments the reader will be enabled to find the dual opinion on the described issue. Chapter One The role and importance of entrepreneurship in Tajikistan 1.1 Tajikistan at a glance: background information In order to explain the entrepreneurship situation in Tajikistan, it is worth to describe the background information about the country. Being a landlocked country, Tajikistan is located far from the main Eurasian highways. Infrastructure is poorly developed due to the fact that 93% of the all territory is mountains. In fact there are a number of scientific works describing the linkages between the infrastructure and the country development, including development of the entrepreneurship. However, in the framework of present essay the impact of poor infrastructure to the entrepreneurship development will not be discussed. During 1929 1991 Tajikistan was a member of the Soviet Union. After the breakdown of the Soviet Union in 1991, the country gained independence and started the transition to the market economy. After gaining its independence, the country was immediately faced with the economic problems caused by the collapse of the centrally-planned Soviet economy: such as, disruption of guaranteed markets, withdrawal of subsidies and instability of exchange (Middleton, 2007). Due to these facts, economical as well as political transformations of Tajikistan were difficult, primarily due to the holdover of various centrally planned command and control approaches to the national development (Suhir, 2003). According to Johnes, Tajikistan can be considered as the poorest of the countries of the former Soviet Union. At the beginning of its independence the position of the country was undermined by a civil war which lasted from 1991 until 1997. During that time the economy suffered significantly. In addition, the war has seriously disrupted the entire infrastructure of the country and contributed to the emigration of almost one million people, this number was equaled to a sixth of the total population. After the end of the civil war, the government undertook an aggressive program of reforms. As a consequence, by the beginning of 2000, the majority of small sized enterprises had been privatized, and most of the large enterprises were transformed into joint stock companies. Moreover, almost half of all cropland belonged to private people. In addition, being a neighbor of Afghanistan, the country has fallen victim of the drug trade and has been directly affected by drug-related criminal infi ltration (Johnes, 2002). Despite its growth, Tajik economy is not still fully recovered from the effects of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the civil war. The gross domestic product in 2007 was still only 72% of the 1991 level in real terms, which is visually represented in the Chart 1. Chart 1: Real GDP continues to recover but has not reached the level of 1991 Source: Business Environment in Tajikistan as seen by Small and Medium Enterprises, IFC, 2009 1.2 Definition and types of entrepreneurship in Tajikistan The process of society democratization and the implementation of market relations which are taking places in Tajikistan nowadays caused a variety of positive effects. Entrepreneurship which influences all economical spheres can be considered as such effect. In developed countries the role and the importance of entrepreneurship are being evaluated quite high. Our country, which has chosen the path of market economy, is considering the issues of entrepreneurship and strengthening of its role as a matter of paramount importance (Rahmon, 2001, own translation). According to the State program of Protection and support of entrepreneurship in the Republic of Tajikistan for the years 2002-2005, entrepreneurship is described as an activity which independently carried out by the persons registered in an order established by the law; this activity is directed to the earning of profit from use of property, sale of goods, manufacture, performance of works and rendering of services. Entrepreneurship development is one of the priority directions of financial and economic policy in the conditions of market economy and it is directed on increase in production and rendering of services as well as provision of new workplaces (Soliev, 2004). It is quite possible that the reason of such simplified definition of entrepreneurship was to motivate as much as possible people to become entrepreneurs. Tajik scholar Juraboev described entrepreneurship as a search for new spheres of rationalization and a profitable investment of recourses, performance of new combinations in manufacture, movement to the new markets, and creation of new products. It is aimed at making a profit above the average level (Juraboev, 2003, own translation). The tendency of entrepreneurship development in Tajikistan started from the period of 1993 1994. At that time the quantity of enterprises which performed entrepreneurial activity and had a status of legal entity was equaled to 3304 enterprises for the year of 1993 and 3988 enterprises in 1994 (Statistical yearbook , 2006). The entrepreneurship area was dominated by the cooperatives, farmers, private and individual enterprises. However, the crisis in the economy caused by the severance of economic relations between the former Soviet Union countries which had common free market zone before, and the post-war factors with corresponding decrease of nation welfare became the reasons of reduction in the quantity of private enterprises, especially SMEs. Nevertheless, in later years the entrepreneurship in Tajikistan, which for the purposes of this essay is described by the SME sector, started to recover from the consequences of Soviet Union breakup The obvious development of SME sector can be proved by the available data that shows that in October 2006 the amount of small and medium enterprises in Tajikistan was equaled to 12167, including 7578 active enterprises. The structure of the SME sector can be described as follows: the highest amount of 38.4 % is commercial enterprises, the share of trade and catering 17.2%, construction 13.3 %, industry 12.3%. The part of other economic activities is equals to 20% (Nazarov, 2006). In addition to the information provided above it is important to identify the SME sector in Tajikistan. In compliance with the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan ÂÂ «On State Protection and Support of Entrepreneurship in the Republic of TajikistanÂÂ » passed in 2005, the SME sector is composed of three typologies of businesses. The first group is individual entrepreneurs, who is involved in a business activity without forming a legal entity and operate it at their own risk. The second group is dehkah farms enterprises involved in the production and sale of agricultural products. Dehkan farmers operate as individual entrepreneurs according to the State Registration Certificate. Third group includes small and medium sized companies (Law On State Protection and Support of Entrepreneurship, 2005, own translation). Moreover, the special SMEs criteria are also being significant. As consistent with the Tax Code of Tajikistan, small enterprises are individual entrepreneurs and legal entities which perform business activity and their gross revenue (before taxes) is not exceed 150 000 USD. The average quantity of employees should not exceed 50 for agricultural sector and 30 for other sectors. Respectively, medium enterprises are individual entrepreneurs and legal entities whose gross revenue is more than 150 000 USD but does not exceed 3.7 million USD. The average quantity of employees can vary from 50 to 200 for agricultural sector and from 30 to 100 for other sectors (Tax Code, 2009, own translation). In fact the Micro-enterprises are not defined in the Tax Code. 1.3 The importance of the entrepreneurship in the socio-economic development of the country Nowadays private enterprises are functioning almost in all fields and spheres of the economy of Tajikistan. With the presence of necessary support, the entrepreneurship plays an important role: it contributes to the state budget, creates new employment and stimulates the social and economic development of the regions. Furthermore, entrepreneurs play a significant role in the social and political life of society. According to the statistics, in the year of 2007 approximately 1.7% or 19 thousand people of all population working in the private sector belonged to the SMEs. Over the last years, the quantity of employees of small and medium enterprises has increased by 14.5%, while the amount of enterprises has risen by 35%. However, the most interesting fact is that the total quantity of employees in the SME sector in 2007 was lower compare to the 1998 (Statistical Yearbook, 2008). Visually this information is presented in the Chart 2. Chart 2: Dynamics of the quantity of employees in SMEs (in thousands) Source: Tajikistan: 15 Years of Independence. Statistical yearbook, Dushanbe, 2006 It can be assumed that the relatively low quantity of employees in the SME sector is resulted from the tax burden of the employers. In fact, the amount of social tax which the employers have to pay equals to 25% out of the total payroll fund. Moreover, in contrast to the other countries, the existing taxation system in Tajikistan does not have the tax remissions in connection with the increase of the quantity of workers (Nazarov, 2006). Furthermore, the role of entrepreneurship in the market economy is very significant in terms of solving a number of socio-economic problems as well as in the poverty alleviation. Small and medium enterprises create the most favorable opportunities for the entrepreneurship especially at its initial stage. The presence of the substantial amount of SMEs on the market promotes the competition. And by promoting the competition, small and medium enterprises stimulate the increase of production efficiency as well as production growth which in its turn may cause the real growth of the economy. As a short summary of the given section about the importance of entrepreneurship in general and SMEs in particular, it can be stated that it is both the aim and the tool for the development of market economy. The dual role of entrepreneurship is confirmed by the analysis of the functions of SMEs which were classified into two groups. These groups are objective functions and tool functions. The objective functions promote the development of small and medium entrepreneurship and being considered as one of the governmental tasks. These functions include the impact on the unemployment reduction, the acceleration of the technological progress by means of innovations and ensuring the social and political stability in the society. According to the tool functions, small and medium entrepreneurship is being used in order to limit the tendencies of monopolized economy, to support formation of a middle class and to fill the particular market niches which are not attractive for the large enterpr ises (Chapek, 2004. own translation). 1.4 Characteristics of entrepreneurship development in Tajikistan The establishment of entrepreneurship in Tajikistan started at the time when the legislative foundations were absent. The Law On entrepreneurship activity was passed only in December 1991 and up to day it has completely changed. This law had a lot of disadvantages which negatively affected the process of entrepreneurship establishment in the country. Other economic laws which could support and secure the entrepreneurial activity in Tajikistan were passed later. For instance, The law on property (1996), The law on privatization of state property (1997) as well as laws related to taxation, customs and currency circulation (Nazarov, 2006). The formation of the entrepreneurship took place at the period of destabilization of finances and significant level of unemployment, which were caused by the collapse of the centralized control system. Another unique feature of entrepreneurship formation and development in Tajikistan is the limitation of strategic behavior. There are two reasons explaining it. First of all, during the first years of the market economy establishment, the formation of entrepreneurship was influenced by the substantial advantages of short-term transactions in the sphere of circulation and in the financial market. This circumstance created an appropriate attitude, stereotypes of thinking and behaving. Secondly, there is a significant gap between the profitability of long-term investments in manufacture and short-term financial transactions. The conditions for the implementation of long-term investments projects in the production sphere are such that invested funds will be paid off only in 3-5 years; howe ver, in conditions of the transition economy this process may take even longer. Therefore such areas of entrepreneurship as trade and catering remain the most attractive for the entrepreneurs (Soliev, 2004). According to the statistics, at the beginning of 2008 there were 55,8 thousands of enterprises registered in Tajikistan; in fact, 60% of them are private enterprises including both SMEs and large enterprises (Statistical Yearbook, 2008). There is a trend toward positive increase of total amount of enterprises in general as well as private enterprises in particular, as it is demonstrated in the Chart 3. Chart 3: Dynamics of total amount of enterprises, including private enterprises (in thousands) Source: Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, 2008 The dynamic development of SME sector is caused by several specific advantages of the latter. According to the Kamarov, the most important fact is that SMEs are able to get their own market share, although they have much less funds for implementation of important strategic researches compare to large enterprises. In addition, small and medium businesses are quite flexible and mobile, which allow them to react fast for the market demand as well as to adapt for the changing conditions. Small entrepreneurship can be characterized as an originative type of economic behavior which at the same time being described as special entrepreneurial spirit and creative action (Kamarov, 2009). Another important fact is that on every 1000 of economically active population in Tajikistan there is in average only one SME; in contrast, in Russia there are 3 enterprises on every 1000 of economically active population (Davgyalo, 2007). Chapter Two Barriers to entrepreneurship development 2.1 General overview of difficulties related to the entrepreneurship development in Tajikistan As it is demonstrated by the world experience, the more opportunities for the widening of the activity by the entrepreneurs, the higher growth rate can be seen for the country. Under the given circumstances, the creation of the favorable conditions for the entrepreneurship development is a crucial factor. The entrepreneurship of Tajikistan faces particular barriers, among the others they are: instability and imperfection of the legislative system related to entrepreneurship, high level of taxes, complexity of tax collection, insufficiency of the start-up capital and current capital, difficulties with the access to bank loans, corruption, shortage of the qualified staff, difficulties with the rent of the production space as and others. In most cases there is no proper social and personal security for owners and employees of the private enterprises (Soliev, 2004). The current institutional mechanism of entrepreneurship promotion demonstrates that although the entrepreneur is secured by the laws and governmental instruments, the level of entrepreneurship development is not correspond to the high taxation level and crediting rates. (Asrorov et al., 2004). Therefore the entrepreneurs are acting in the environment of legal and economical limitation. The barriers faced by entrepreneurs impede the inflow of billions of dollars of potential profit for the country each year and threaten to derail the political and economic transition. These losses take place due to the ill-designed, complicated laws and regulations that unnecessarily raise the cost of doing business in the formal sector. As a result of high costs of doing business, entrepreneurs are using in their operations limited funds in order to survive with presence of low income and consequently they are losing the economic potential. In addition, the costly business regulations encourage potential investors to invest in the more favorable business environments and therefore country faces the lack of the needed investments (Suhir, 2003). The experience of entrepreneurship establishment and development in Tajikistan demonstrates that the majority of business owners are not aimed at the further growth. Their main goal is to ensure the stable existence, to preserve their capital and market position (Urdashev, 2005). The given situation can be explained by two reasons. First of all, there is no effective system for the stimulation of entrepreneurial activity. Secondly, entrepreneurs are experiencing the certain pressure from the tax, custom and law-enforcement authorities. 2.2 Main barriers faced by entrepreneurship in Tajikistan In this section of the paper the main barriers to the entrepreneurship development will be described in details. These barriers are: difficulties related to licensing, access to finance, imperfection of taxation system, poor infrastructure, corruption and lack of sufficient knowledge by entrepreneurs. Licensing IFC defined license as a special permit issued by a state body authorizing a business to carry out a certain activity under specific terms and conditions. When a business is subject to licensing requirements, it must obtain the specific license before starting its activities. Thus licensing happens after business registration, but before a company is allowed to start operations in the activity to be licensed (IFC, 2009). The barriers related to the licensing can be classified as the continuation of the Soviet system of permissions whereby one must obtain approval from the authorities in order to perform even the smallest tasks. The present permissive entrepreneurial climate which characterized by abundant regulation, continues to inflict losses on entrepreneurial activity in all sectors of the economy (Suhir, 2003). According to the world practice, the low-risk activities and those which do not involve any limited resources should not be subject to licensing. In fact, Tajikistan licenses some activities that are not licensed in many other countries; for instance, real estate valuation and tourism (IFC, 2009). The Chart 4 illustrates that in spite of the recent reforms, the number of activities licensed in Tajikistan is still relatively high compare to some other countries. Chart 4 Number of economic activities subject to licensing in selected countries Source: Business Environment in Tajikistan as seen by Small and Medium Enterprises, IFC, 2009 For instance, IFC reports that eight of the 65 licensed economic activities are related to the transport. However, the implementing regulations of the Licensing Laws divide these eight economic activities into 22 sub-activities, each of that in its turn requires a separate license. In addition, the period of validity of licenses as well as their cost still remains a problem. The law foresees that the minimum period of validity for the license is 3 years; however, on practice the licenses are being issued for the period which in average is less than one year (IFC, 2009). The short periods of licenses validity impede the investments and long-term development as well as create the grounds for the extortion by the officials. Access to finance One of the main conditions of the entrepreneurship development is the existence of proper financial infrastructure. In general the Tajik financial system was growing rapidly over the past years, although it still remains small. Recent data shows, that there are twelve commercial banks (including one state-owned bank), seven credit societies, one non-bank financial institution and eighty eight microfinance institutions operating in Tajikistan (IFC, 2009). The banking systems in Central Asia in general and in Tajikistan in particular can be considered as insufficient since they impose impossible demands on entrepreneurs due to the unreasonable time-frames and terms of credit repayments, it is difficult to provide collateral and to find a guarantor for securing a loan (Suhir, 2003). Thus in order to get a loan from some commercial banks the entrepreneur should provide the collateral which values up to 3 times more compare to the actual amount of requested loan. The survey performed by the IFC demonstrates that more than half of rejected loan applications in 2007 were due to the insufficient loan collateral (IFC, 2009). In addition, the process to formalization and registration of the collateral is complicated and expensive at the present time. Besides that, the loans themselves became not very attractive because of the interest rate. Additional factor of distrust to the banking area is the lack of reliable mechanism for the protection of the borrowers interests. In this respect the majority of entrepreneurs actually not able to use services of commercial banks. The Chart 5 demonstrates what kind of problems entrepreneurs encounter in terms of access to the finance. And it is quite clear that the most important issue is high interest rates. Chart 5: Main obstacles as identified by the potential borrowers (in %) Source: Business Environment in Tajikistan as seen by Small and Medium Enterprises, IFC, 2009 In general, in compliance with the Doing business report, Tajikistan is ranked as 167th overall in terms of easiness to getting credit (World Bank, 2010). And firms consistently rate access to credit as among the greatest barriers to their operation and growth. Taxation system The modern tendency for the entrepreneurship development can be described as the one with the lack of unity of economic aims between entrepreneurship and government. On the one hand, the governmental regulations related to the entrepreneurial activity are grounded on the creation of the favorable conditions for the entrepreneurship development; however, on the other hand, they are directed on provision the maximum tax revenues to the state budget. At present there are 18 different taxes in Tajikistan. According to the statistics, forty-eight percent of countrys tax revenues in 2008 came from the value-added tax. Tax code states that the value-added tax is equal to 18%, income tax 30% and social tax 25% (Tax Code, 2009). Such level of taxation does not correspond with the taxation systems used in developed countries. As a rule, developed countries increase tax rates in order to restrain the overproduction (Davgyalo, 2007). In fact there is no problem of overproduction in Tajikistan. On the whole the tax regime in Tajikistan is characterized by high complexity and instability. The Tajik Tax Code, which went into effect in 2004, has been amended 9 times since that time. Unfortunately given amendments neither caused the simplification of tax obligations nor improved tax administration. The World Bank Groups Doing Business 2009 report demonstrates evidence that taxes impose a heavy burden on business taxpayers in the country. This report ranks Tajikistan as 159th out of 181 countries in terms of ease of complying with the tax obligations (World Bank, 2009). Besides, the procedure of preparation the tax forms is complicated, the average Dehkan farmer or individual entrepreneur has spent almost 5 working days on the filing and on payment of taxes in 2007. While the average SME spent more than three weeks on this process. Moreover, there is a lack of effective communication infrastructure for the acceptance of the tax reports by mail. Although the Tax Code states that it is possible for taxpayers to submit their tax declarations in three ways: by certified mail, in person, or electronically; in practice, entrepreneurs submit tax reports in person. In addition, the survey performed by IFC shows that that submission of tax declarations involves a significant period of time spent waiting in lines at the tax office in order to get the appropriate signatures (IFC, 2009). Corruption The harmful nature of corruption between government and business enterprises is a classic conflict of the political economy, which goes back to Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations. In the socialist period, bribery was widely practiced as a sort of necessary evil among citizens in Soviet Union Countries. It operated as a special social mechanism used to overcome obstacles established by bureaucratic systems as well as chronic shortages of supply which could affect business operations and everyday activities. In contrast, in the transition period, the corruption between entrepreneurs and bureaucrats started to take place more for self-interest rather than as a socially necessary evil like it was in Soviet Union time (Ichiro Iwasaki, 2007). Interesting explanation of the existence of corruption was provided by Clark and Naito in their article. According to them, corruption is endemic in all countries of Central Asia. However, the additional factor which contributes to the level of corruption results from the existing barriers with respect to the cooperation between various Ministries. In fact, nowadays the level of cooperation is relatively small and as a consequence there is a shortage of transparency in the system. The lack of transparency in its turn allows corruption to flourish as there are no checks and bounds on the system (Clark, Naito, 1998). The number of surveys performed by the World Bank confirms the fact that corruption remains a main constraint for entrepreneurship in Tajikistan. This demonstrated by the high frequency of informal gifts requested from enterprises by the government officials, so called Graft Index. The Graft Index shows the proportion of instances in which enterprises were either requested or expected to pay an informal payment for licenses, permits or public services (IFC, 2009). Visually the situation with corruption in Tajikistan in comparison with some other countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia is presented at the Chart 6. Chart 6: Tajikistan has the highest graft index in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) ECA Regional Average Source: Business Environment in Tajikistan as seen by Small and Medium Enterprises, IFC, 2009 However, the survey performed by IFC in 2007 demonstrates that the situation related to the informal payments in Tajikistan has improved over the last years. According to the survey responses, entrepreneurs were asked for or expected to pay bribes or give informal gifts in 2007 fewer compare to previous years. Although this is a positive development, it is too early to conclude that corruption is no longer a problem. Data demonstrate that 21% of enterprises have defined the informal payments as a main obstacle for their business activity. In fact, only high tax rates were defined as a major obstacle more often than corruption (IFC, 2009). Lack of the sufficient knowledge by entrepreneurs Johnes stated that the main resource which is available to Tajikistan is its people. Generally the level of education in the country is high, with a literacy rate about 98% (Johnes, 2002). However, one of the obstacles which may be additionally observed in Tajikistan nowadays is the lack of the sufficient knowledge in the area of entrepreneurship. This fact can be explained by taking a look at the history. In the Soviet era entrepreneurship was considered as a speculation. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia defines speculation as a process of buying up the goods on closed markets and resale those goods on open and deficiency markets in conditions of constraining the freedom of trade, for example, during the war (Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1978, own translation). This activity was punishable either by high fines or imprisonment and due to this reason was considered as a part of the shadow economy. Based on the above mentioned information, the following conclusion can be drawn the entrepreneurship as an activity as well as entrepreneurs are still being considered as unacceptable or even discreditable activity by the people of older generation. It is obvious that problems related to managerial issues are really crucial for the private entrepreneur due to the reason that the manager should be a specialist with a broad knowledge in the area of management, finance, accounting and marketing. In fact, nowadays the universities of the country are not preparing such versatile managers for the private sector (Urdashev, 2005). The current situation in Tajikistan is such that the majority of entrepreneurs have problems due to the lack of proper knowledge. Thus according to the IFC survey, more than one-third of individual entrepreneurs did not keep any financial or tax records in 2007 (IFC, 2009), despite the existing requirements. The responses presented in the Chart 7 demonstrate the reasons for the absence of necessary records. It is clear that the lack of knowledge is a very significant issue in this respect. Chart 7: Reasons f